Coaxial cables (coax) have an inner conductor surrounded by an insulating layer, surrounded by a conducting shield. Coaxial cables also frequently have an insulating outer jacket. Coaxial cables are used to carry high frequency electrical signals with low signal loss. Common applications for coaxial cables are:
transmission line for radio frequency signals
telephone trunklines,
computer network connections (e.g. Internet cables),
digital audio cables (S/PDIF)
high speed computer data busses,
distribution of cable television signals
feed lines connecting radio transmitters and receivers to antennas
rotor cables for control applications, particularly ham radios.
Coaxial cables can eliminate signal interference between parallel cables. The effectiveness of the elimination of signal interference depends on the composition, configuration and cable shielding. Coaxial cables can be installed next to metal objects without the power losses that occur in other types of cables. Coaxial cables can also protect the signal from electromagnetic interference.
Most coaxial cables have a characteristic impedance of either 50, 52, 75, or 93 Ω.
Coaxial cable types
The primary types of coaxial cable are:
Hard Line (Heliax/Cablewave)
Radiating (Leaky cable)
RG Series Cables
LMR Cables
Triaxial Cable
Twinaxial Cable
Semi-rigid
Rigid
Hard line (Heliax, Cablewave)
Hard line coaxial cable (Heliax, Cablewave) are used in broadcasting and radio communication.
Hard line coaxial cables have metal tubing (aluminum, copper, silver, gold or combination) as a shield. The center conductor consists of solid copper, or copper-plated aluminum. Connections must be air and water tight.
Hard line coaxial cables used for external chassis or exposed to the elements has a PVC jacket. The dielectric in hard line coaxial cables consist of polyethylene foam, air, or a pressurized gas such as nitrogen or dried air.
Gas-filled hard line coaxial cables are used in high-power RF transmitters for television or radio broadcasting, military transmitters, and high-power amateur radio applications. Gas-filled hard line coaxial cables are used in some critical lower-power applications such as those in the microwave bands.
Large-scale hard line coaxial cables are used to connect transmitters on the ground to antennas or aerials on a tower.
LMR cables are high performance flexible low loss 50 or 75 Ohm broadband coaxial cables. They have effective shielding and are available as pre-terminated assemblies. Several varieties are available:
Rugged UV, sunlight and weather resistant
rodent and pest resistant (with a non-hazardous, non-toxic additive)
ultra flexible (with a stranded center conductor and rubber outer jacket for multiple bending cycles)
highly fire retardant plenum rated cables designed for use in dropped ceilings and raised floors.
lightweight (with an aluminum braid shield instead of the traditional tinned copper shield), used in short antenna feeder runs.
bundled in a common outer jacket for multiple run applications.
Radiating (leaky) coaxial cable is constructed like hard line coaxial cables, with tuned slots cut into the shield. The slots are tuned to a specific RF wavelength or tuned to a specific radio frequency band.
Radiating (leaky) coaxial cables have a tuned bi-directional leakage effect between transmitter and receiver.
Common applications are in elevator shafts, US Navy Ships, underground transportation tunnels and in other areas where an antenna is not feasible.
RG Series
Standard types of coaxial cable were specified for military uses, in the form "RG-#" or "RG-#/U". The RG designation stands for Radio Guide; the U designation stands for Universal. The current military standard is MIL-SPEC MIL-C-17. MIL-C-17 numbers, such as "M17/75-RG214", are given for military cables and manufacturer's catalog numbers for civilian applications. The RG designators are mostly used to identify compatible connectors for the inner conductor, dielectric, and jacket dimensions of RG-series cables.
RG-6
Thanks to television, RG-6 is the most commonly used coaxial cable for home use. There are 4 types of RG-6 coaxial cable.
Plain (House) is used for indoor and outdoor house wiring.
Flooded is used in underground conduit or direct burial. It has water blocking gel.
Messenger is used in aerial drops from a utility pole. It contains steel wire.
Plenum is used in ventilation ducts to meet fire codes. It does not give off poisonous gas when burned.
Semi-rigid coaxial cables has a solid copper outer sheath.
It has superior screening compared to cables with a braided outer conductor. The cable should not be flexed after initial forming.
Rigid line
Rigid line coaxial cable has two concentric copper tubes using PTFE-supports.
Rigid lines are connected using standardized EIA RF Connectors whose bullet and flange sizes match the standard line diameters.
Rigid lines are used indoors to connect high power transmitters and other RF-components. Rugged rigid line coaxial cables with weatherproof flanges are used outdoors on antenna masts.
A flange connector makes it possible to connect rigid line to hard line. Many broadcasting antennas and antenna splitters use the flanged rigid line interface even when connecting to flexible coaxial cables and hard line.
Rotor Cable
Rotor Cable is used in Ham Radios for rotors andloops and any application where you need a ruggedized control cables for outdoor or direct burial installations.